Clinical practice guideline of the Spanish society of oral surgery for dental care in patients with oral cancer / Guía de práctica clínica de la sociedad española de cirugía bucal para el cuidado dental en pacientes con cáncer oral

Background: Oral cancer is the sixteenth most common malignant neoplasm worldwide, with a high mortalityrate, greater than 50% at five years, and high morbidity. The effect of oncological treatment in the oral cavity isbroad and has multiple levels, therefore knowing these effects and preventing them is essential for avoiding anincrease in the oral pathology related with oncological therapy, maintaining the quality of life of the patient, andimproving the efficacy of the treatment itself.Material and Methods: A group of experts belonging to the fields of Dentistry, Maxillofacial Surgery and Oncol-ogy of the University of Seville and the Virgen del Rocío University Hospital of Seville in collaboration with theUniversity of Valencia, University of Barcelona, and University of the Basque Country, developed this ClinicalPractice Guideline for the proper clinical management of patients diagnosed with oral cancer. The clinical ques-tions were formulated in PICO format. The databases consulted were Medline/PubMed and Embase/Elsevier. Thesystematic reviews published on the topic were identified on Tripdatabase, Cochrane Library and CRD (Centre forReviews and Dissemination). The recommendations were prepared based on the GRADE methodology.Results: Various recommendations were defined, derived from the 21 PICO questions, referring to prevention,treatment and care for alterations arising from the pathology of oral cancer itself and its treatment.Conclusions: The preparation of this clinical practice guideline allows recommendations to be generated basedon the scientific evidence available, on dentistry actions in patients with oral cancer and undergoing oncologicaltreatment, which may be of use to the multidisciplinary team treating this type of patient.(AU)

Manejo odontológico del paciente en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral sometido a cirugía oral: una revisión narrativa / Stomatological management of anticoagulated patients undergoing oral surgery: a narrative review

Resumen Los pacientes que se encuentran bajo tratamiento de anticoagulantes orales, presentan alteraciones en distintas etapas de la hemostasia, lo que conlleva a tener implicancias y consideraciones médico/quirúrgicas durante su atención. En la actualidad, no existe un consenso en relación con el manejo odontológico de estos pacientes que serán sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos, llevando a protocolos clínicos que siguen diversas posturas, como la de disminuir la ingesta farmacológica del anticoagulante, sustituir con heparina y la de mantener el tratamiento bajo control. Objetivo Establecer el manejo estomatológico del paciente que se encuentra en tratamiento de anticoagulante oral mediante una revisión profunda de la literatura Materiales y método Se realizó una búsqueda de revisión bibliográfica manualmente de artículos indexados a las bases de datos de PUBMED y EBSCO que correspondiesen a las palabras "cirugía bucal", "anticoagulantes", "atención dental" y "hemorragia oral". En cuanto a los criterios de inclusión, se consideraron revisiones bibliográficas, estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos, guías, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis publicados entre noviembre de 2005 y 2022, en idiomas inglés o español. Conclusiones Existen múltiples protocolos para la atención del paciente anticoagulado que será sometido bajo procedimiento de cirugía oral menor. Es importante considerar el anticoagulante utilizado, motivo, control de este, el procedimiento a realizar en el paciente y medidas hemostáticas tanto intra como postoperatorias por realizar, tras analizar lo anterior, se advierte que disminuir la ingesta del fármaco para realizar el procedimiento, puede ser más perjudicial al paciente como al clínico, por lo tanto se sugiere mantener el tratamiento antitrombótico y realizar un correcto manejo médico/quirúrgico.

Abstract Patients undertaking oral anticoagulant treatment may experience alterations in different stages of hemostasis, which lead to medical/surgical implications and considerations during their care. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the dental management of these patients, as they go through surgical procedures. This leads to clinical protocols that follow numerous approaches, such as reducing the pharmacological intake of the anticoagulant, replacing it with heparin, and maintaining the controlled treatment. Objective: To establish the stomatological management of the patient undergoing oral anticoagulant treatment through an in depth review of the literature. Materials and Method: A manual bibliographic review search of articles indexed to the PUBMED and EBSCO databases corresponding to the words "oral surgery", "oral bleeding", "anticoagulants" and "dental management" was performed. Regarding the inclusion criteria: bibliographic reviews, observational studies, clinical trials, guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between November 2005 and 2022, in English or Spanish, were considered. Conclusion: There are multiple protocols for the care of the anticoagulated patient who will undergo a minor oral surgery procedure. It is important to reflect on the anticoagulant used, the reason for it, its supervision, the surgical procedure that will be undertaken by the patient, and both intraoperative and postoperative hemostatic measures to be implemented. After analyzing the above, it is noted that reducing the intake of the drug to perform the surgical procedure may be harmful to the patient and to the clinician, therefore it is suggested to maintain the antithrombotic treatment and carry out a correct medical/surgical management.

Use of platelet concentrates in oral surgery of patients with osteonecrosis: a scoping review.

The objective of this study was to map, through a scoping review, the evidence available in the literature on the use of platelet concentrates in compromised patients undergoing oral surgeries. Searches were performed in electronic databases for clinical studies with compromised patients undergoing oral surgery who used platelet concentrates. Only studies published in English were included. Two independent researchers carried out the selection of studies. The study design and objective, surgical procedure and platelet concentrate used, systemic involvement, analyzed outcome, and main results were extracted. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Twenty-two studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. Case series was the most frequent study design among the included studies (41.0%). In terms of systemic disability, 19 studies reported patients with cancer and related to surgical treatment 16 studies reported patients underwent treatment for osteonecrosis related to the use of the drug. The most used platelet concentrate was pure platelet-rich fibrin (P-PRF). In general, most studies recommend the use of platelet concentrates. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the evidence related to the use of platelet concentrates in compromised patients when undergoing oral surgeries is still initial. Also, most studies assessed the use of platelet concentrates in patients with osteonecrosis.

A survey regarding the organizational aspects and quality systems of in-house 3D printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to get a cross-sectional overview of the current status of specific organizational procedures, quality control systems, and standard operating procedures for the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to assist in-house workflow using additive manufacturing in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in Germany. METHODS: An online questionnaire including dynamic components containing 16-29 questions regarding specific organizational aspects, process workflows, quality controls, documentation, and the respective backgrounds in 3D printing was sent to OMF surgeons in university and non-university hospitals as well as private practices with and without inpatient treatment facilities. Participants were recruited from a former study population regarding 3D printing; all participants owned a 3D printer and were registered with the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-seven participants answered the questionnaires. Of those, 20 participants ran a 3D printer in-unit. Quality assurance measures were performed by 13 participants and underlying processes by 8 participants, respectively. Standard operating procedures regarding computer-aided design and manufacturing, post-processing, use, or storage of printed goods were non-existent in most printing units. Data segmentation as well as computer-aided design and manufacturing were conducted by a medical doctor in most cases (n = 19, n = 18, n = 8, respectively). Most participants (n = 8) stated that "medical device regulations did not have any influence yet, but an adaptation of the processes is planned for the future." CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrated significant differences in 3D printing management in OMFS, especially concerning process workflows, quality control, and documentation. Considering the ever-increasing regulations for medical devices, there might be a necessity for standardized 3D printing recommendations and regulations in OMFS.

Biología del tejido óseo y cambios morfológicos en su regeneración / Biology of bone tissue and morphological changes in its regeneration

Introducción: La regeneración ósea permite la reintegración y conformación de tejidos posteriores a la extracción o corrección de un defecto óseo. Es considerada una técnica de estimulación para la formación de hueso nuevo, donde se favorece la construcción y la preservación del coágulo con el fin de evitar la infiltración en la zona de reparación, de componentes celulares (células epiteliales y conjuntivas). Objetivos: Describir los cambios a nivel morfológico durante el proceso de regeneración ósea y mencionar distintas técnicas de preservación ósea y los factores necesarios para su realización. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina con periodontitis apical asintomática en órganos dentarios 34 y 37, que se sometió a preservación alveolar mediante la práctica de exodoncia atraumática y regeneración ósea con xenoinjerto, colocación de membrana colágeno e implante posextractivo inmediato. Principales comentarios: La colocación inmediata de implantes posexodoncia permite una buena preservación del alveolo, siempre y cuando las condiciones clínicas del paciente así lo permitan, por ejemplo, la ausencia de procesos infecciosos agudizados como en el presente caso. La regeneración ósea, en el defecto producido por el proceso inflamatorio periapical, implicó una correcta detoxificación de la zona a través del curetaje y la aplicación de antibióticos. La respuesta inmunológica exagerada ante injertos óseos no es frecuente; sin embargo, en este caso llevó a una pérdida parcial del sustituto óseo sin comprometer el pronóstico de los implantes(AU)

Introduction: Bone regeneration allows the reintegration and conformation of tissues after the extraction or correction of a bone defect. It is considered a stimulation technique for the formation of new bone, where the construction and preservation of the clot is favored in order to avoid infiltration in the repair area of cellular components (epithelial and conjunctiva cells). Objective: Describe the changes at the morphological level during the bone regeneration process and mention different bone preservation techniques and the necessary factors for their implementation. Case presentation: Female patient with asymptomatic apical periodontitis in dental organs 34 and 37, who underwent alveolar preservation through the practice of atraumatic exodontics and bone regeneration with xenograft, collagen membrane placement and immediate post-extraction implant. Main comments: The immediate placement of post-exodontic implants allows a good preservation of the alveolus, as long as the clinical conditions of the patient allow it, for example, the absence of exacerbated infectious processes as in the present case. Bone regeneration, in the defect produced by the periapical inflammatory process, involved a correct detoxification of the area through curettage and the application of antibiotics. Exaggerated immune response to bone grafts is not common; however, in this case it led to a partial loss of bone substitute without compromising the prognosis of the implants(AU)

Principios y recursos clásicos y modernos: combinación en el manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort / Classical and modern principles and resources: their combination in the management of Le Fort fractures

Introducción: Las lesiones traumáticas maxilofaciales son un problema de salud importante en todo el mundo. Suponen una carga para la salud pública. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la necesidad de combinar en el contexto cubano principios y recursos clásicos y modernos en el manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort. Comentarios principales: El tratamiento de las fracturas faciales ha evolucionado mucho a lo largo de los años. Tradicionalmente, el alambre de acero inoxidable se utilizaba para la osteosíntesis en cirugía maxilofacial hasta la aparición de las miniplacas. Los sistemas de osteosíntesis de titanio son actualmente los de elección en cirugía maxilofacial. A pesar de sus ventajas indiscutibles, en los países en desarrollo ocasionalmente no se cuenta con todo el equipamiento necesario para su empleo. Consideraciones globales: El manejo del trauma maxilofacial se centra en la reobtención de la forma y la función original de la región afectada. Sin vulnerar los principios teóricos de manejo de fracturas tipo Le Fort, se impone de los profesionales cubanos la búsqueda de soluciones en concordancia con la disponibilidad de recursos. La unión de técnicas clásicas y recursos modernos como las suspensiones craneofaciales alámbricas, los arcos barra y los tornillos de fijación maxilomandibular puede ser una alternativa terapéutica confiable(AU)

Introduction: Traumatic maxillofacial lesions are an important global health problem, as well as a public health burden. Objective: Reflect on the need to combine classical and modern principles and resources in the management of Le Fort fractures in the Cuban context. Main remarks: Treatment of facial fractures has evolved considerably through the years. Before the appearance of miniplates, stainless steel wire was used for osteosynthesis in maxillofacial surgery. Titanium osteosynthesis systems are currently the systems of choice in maxillofacial surgery. Despite their undeniable advantages, developing countries occasionally do not have all the equipment required for their use. General considerations: Management of maxillofacial trauma is aimed at recovering the original form and function of the affected area. Without disregarding the theoretical principles of the management of Le Fort fractures, Cuban professionals should search for solutions in keeping with the resources available. The combination of classical techniques and modern resources, such as wired craniofacial suspensions, bar arches and maxillomandibular fixation screws, may be a reliable therapeutic alternative(AU)

Reconstrucción con colgajo de músculo temporal en defecto del tercio medio de la región facial. Nuestra experiencia en un hospital de mediana complejidad / TEMPORALIS MUSCLE FLAP RECONSTRUCTION IN FACIAL REGION DEFECTS. OUR EXPERIENCE IN MEDIUM COMPLEXITY HOSPITAL

Introducción: El colgajo pediculado realizado con músculo temporal es una opción terapéutica válida para la reconstrucción de defectos de la región facial posterior a una resección quirúrgica, es una alternativa aceptable a los colgajos libres cuando estos no pueden ser utilizados ya sea por el performance status o patología de base de los pacientes a tratar o por no contar con cirujano microvascular. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en el uso de este colgajo para la reconstrucción de 7 pacientes con defectos de órbita, paladar y mucosa yugal tras la cirugía ablativa de diversas patologías. Materiales y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes del Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital José Ramon Vidal, Corrientes-Argentina operados en el periodo comprendido desde enero del 2019 hasta enero del 2021.En este lapso, 7 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía reconstructiva inmediata con colgajo de músculo temporal en defectos del tercio medio de la región facial. Resultados: Un total de siete pacientes, (4 masculino- 3 femenino), sometidos a cirugía ablativa por presentar patología maligna (6) y patología benigna (1), con una edad media de 60 años. Dos colgajos se utilizaron para defectos de región orbitaria y partes blandas, seis para defectos en la cavidadoral­ en un paciente se emplearon los 2 músculos temporales-. El colgajo fue exitoso en todos los casos, se presentaron complicaciones menores como: dolor postoperatorio, hematoma, trismus, depresión de la zona dadora. Se obtuvo márgenes libres en el total de los procedimientos. Discusión: La cirugía reconstructiva con colgajo pediculado de musculo temporal es una excelente alternativa de colgajo regional con buenos resultados, posee alta tasa de éxito justificada por su buena vascularización. Además, la proximidad del músculo temporal con la región maxilofacial y su inserción contribuyen a obtener un arco de rotación hasta 180° sin comprometersu vitalidad. Es útil para la reconstrucción en un acto quirúrgico, acortando el tiempo intraoperatorio y sin cambios posicionales. Conclusiones: El colgajo de músculo temporal resulta una opción válida a los colgajos libres osteo-mio-cutáneos para defectos mixtos (óseos y de partes blandas) del tercio medio facial luego de la cirugía ablativa, cuando estos últimos no pueden ser implementados teniendo en cuenta varios aspectos como performance estatus de los pacientes, patología de base y necesidad de contar con un cirujano microvascular

Introduction: temporalis muscle vascularized flaps is a valid therapeutic option for reconstruction of defects in facial region after surgical resections. It is an acceptable alternative to free transfer flaps when these cannot be used because of the patient's performance state and base pathologies. Or because of the lack of a microvascular surgeon. Objectives: To describe on experience applying this kind of flaps for the reconstruction or 7 patients, with defects in palate orbit and yugal mucose after resective surgeries for various pathologies. Materials and methods: retrospective revision of patients in the general department, of Jose R Vidal Hospital (Corrientes - Argentina) into underwent surgery during the period between January 2019 ad January 2021. A total of 7 patients underwent immediate reconstructive surgery using a temporalis muscle flap. Results: 7 patients (4 males y 3 female) underwent resective surgery for different malignant (6) and benign (1) with a median age of 60. Two flaps were used for defects of the orbitary region and soft tissue, six for defects of the oral cavity (in one patient both temporalis muscle were used. Te procedure was successful in all cases, and minor complication were present, (post operatory pain, hematoma, trismus, excavation of the donor region) all procedures resulted un surgical margins of lesion of malignancy. Discussion: reconstructive surgery using a vascularized flap of temporalis muscle is an excellent alternative for regional flaps with good results and a high success justified because of its a good irrigation. Besides the proximity between temporalis muscle and the maxillofacial region, possibilities a flap rotation of up to 180 grades without compromising its vitality it is also useful for reconstruction in a single surgery shortening intra-operatory time while avoiding repositioning of the patients during the procedure. Conclusions: Temporalis muscle flaps are valid option to free osteo- mayo- cutaneal flaps for mixed defects (involving bone and soft tissue) of the medium third of facial region after resective surgeries when the latter cannot be carried and because of various aspects little performance status base pathologies and lack of microvascular margin.

Application of dental pulp stem cells in oral maxillofacial tissue engineering.

In the maxillofacial area, soft and hard tissue abnormalities are caused by trauma, tumors, infection, and other causes that expose the maxillofacial region to the surface of the human body. Patients' normal physiological function and appearance are interfered with, and their mental health is adversely impacted, reducing their overall life quality. The pursuit of appropriate medical treatments to correct these abnormalities is thus vital. Autologous stem cell regeneration technology mainly focused on tissues has lately emerged as a significant problem in the medical community. Because of the capacity of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to self-renew, the use of DPSCs from the human pulp tissues of deciduous teeth or permanent teeth has gained popularity among scientists as a stem cell-based therapy option. Aside from that, they are simple to extract and have minimal immunogenicity. As a result, bone tissue engineering may be a critical component in treating maxillofacial and periodontal bone abnormalities. DPSCs activity in maxillofacial and periodontal tissue-engineered bone tissue was investigated in this research.

Current Concepts in Head and Neck Surgery.

This article is intended to "brush up" on the literature updates for the management of head and neck surgeries, particularly mandibulectomy and maxillectomy. Few new techniques have been described in the past decade in dental and oral oncological surgery. A tendency of developing more aggressive surgical strategies to treat complex oral tumors is evident from the recent veterinary literature and the emerging novel techniques for bone regeneration of maxillofacial defects. In addition, this article also focuses on the basic oral surgical oncology principles, an important part of any maxillofacial surgery.

Exodontia atraumática associada a elásticos ortodônticos em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento oncológico radioterápico: revisão de literatura / Atraumatic tooth extraction associated with orthodontic elastics in patients submitted to radiotherapy oncological treatment: literature review

Introdução: O câncer está atualmente entre as cinco causas mais frequentes de mortes no planeta, tudo isso devido a hábitos deletérios ou predisposição genética. O câncer de boca ocupa uma posição de destaque nesse panorama e necessita de uma atenção odontológica especial, devido à associação da perda dentária com o tratamento oncológico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma análise biológica dos processos desencadeados pelo tratamento radioterápico e apresentar um método alternativo de exodontia seguro para os pacientes oncológicos. Revisão da literatura: O tratamento oncológico radioterápico desencadeia uma série de complicações bucais que eventualmente exigirão a exodontia, entre eles: osteorradionecrose, hipossalivação, cáries, doença periodontal, entre outros. Discussão: A exodontia com elásticos ortodônticos consiste no envolvimento dentário na altura cervical com os elásticos causando uma esfoliação lenta, gradual e mais atraumática possível da raiz, esse processo leva em torno de 5 a 8 semanas. Esta técnica associada a um bom pós-operatório garantirá uma cicatrização adequada aumentando significativamente as chances de um prognóstico positivo. Conclusão: Os resultados dessa associação de técnicas são seguros e diminuem os riscos de complicações pós-operatória, garantindo assim, uma recuperação sem maiores problemas ao paciente.

Introduction: Cancer is currently among the five most common causes of death worldwide, resulting from harmful habits or genetic predisposition. Oral cancer plays a major role in this scenario and requires special dental care due to the association of tooth loss with cancer treatment. Aim: This study aimed at the biolo-gical analysis of the processes triggered by radiotherapy treatment and presentation of an alternative method for safe tooth extraction in cancer patients. Literature review: Cancer radiotherapy treatment triggers a series of oral complications that will eventually require tooth extraction, for example, osteoradionecrosis, hyposaliva-tion, caries, and periodontal disease. Discussion: Tooth extraction with orthodontic elastics involves the tooth at the cervical height with elastics allowing a slow, gradual, and less traumatic exfoliation of the root; this process takes approximately 5 to 8 weeks. This technique is as-sociated with a good postoperative recoveryand ensures adequate healing, significantly increasing the likelihood of a positive prognosis. Conclusion: These techniques are safe and decrease the risk of postoperative complications, thus ensuring recovery without major problems for the patient.

Granuloma piógeno oral. Serie de casos / Oral pyogenic granuloma. Case series

RESUMEN El granuloma piógeno es una lesión que se manifiesta en la piel y en la cavidad oral, relacionado con diversas causas, como irritación crónica, trauma y cambios hormonales. Clínicamente se muestra como una lesión hiperplásica altamente vascularizada, con un tamaño de 1-3 cm, de base pedunculada o sésil y de crecimiento lento. Predomina en el sexo femenino y tiende a aparecer, sobre todo, en la encía, con muy pocos casos reportados en zonas edentes, motivo por el que se realizó el reporte de tres casos de granuloma piógeno oral en pacientes femeninas, comprendidas entre 30 y 40 años de edad. Se presentaron lesiones que diferían en cuanto a su localización y apariencia clínica (AU).

ABSTRACT Pyogenic granuloma is a lesion that arises in the skin and oral cavity, related to various causes, such as chronic irritation, trauma and hormonal changes. Clinically it looks like a highly vascularized hyperplastic lesion, sized 1-3 cm, with a pedunculated or sessile base and slow growing. It predominates in the female sex and tends to appear, above all, in the gum, with very few cases reported in edentulous areas; that is why the authors reported three cases of oral pyogenic granuloma in female patients, aged between 30 and 40 years. The lesions differed in their location and clinical appearance (AU).

Fiber-optic-assisted endotracheal intubation complicated by iatrogenic right main bronchus obstruction.

Several aids have been designed for helping anesthetist in managing the difficult airway. Oral carcinomas often distort the airway anatomy and present as difficult airway usually with restricted mouth opening. In these scenarios, elective nasotracheal intubation with fiberoptic is done to secure the airway as well as to provide the full surgical field to the surgeon. Vertically split nasopharyngeal airway is one of the popular aids used as a conduit to pass fiber-optic bronchoscope. Timely removal of the split nasopharyngeal airway is must and if missed, and pushed inside bronchus leading to iatrogenic complication.

Résumé Plusieurs aides ont été conçues pour aider l'anesthésiste dans la gestion des voies respiratoires difficiles.Les carcinomes oraux déforment souvent l'anatomie des voies respiratoires et présentent comme voie aérienne difficile habituellement avec l'ouverture restreinte de bouche.Dans ces scénarios, l'intubation nasotrachale élective avec la fibreoptique est faite pour fixer les voies respiratoires aussi bien que pour fournir le champ chirurgical complet au chirurgien.Les voies aériennes nasopharyngées à fente verticale est l'une des aides populaires utilisées comme conduit pour passer le bronchoscope à fibre optique.L'enlèvement en temps opportun des voies respiratoires nasopharyngées fendues est doit et si manqué, et poussé à l'intérieur des bronches menant à la complication iatrogène.

Soft robotic manipulator for intraoperative MRI-guided transoral laser microsurgery.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) provides compelling features for the guidance of interventional procedures, including high-contrast soft tissue imaging, detailed visualization of physiological changes, and thermometry. Laser-based tumor ablation stands to benefit greatly from MRI guidance because 3D resection margins alongside thermal distributions can be evaluated in real time to protect critical structures while ensuring adequate resection margins. However, few studies have investigated the use of projection-based lasers like those for transoral laser microsurgery, potentially because dexterous laser steering is required at the ablation site, raising substantial challenges in the confined MRI bore and its strong magnetic field. Here, we propose an MR-safe soft robotic system for MRI-guided transoral laser microsurgery. Owing to its miniature size (Ø12 × 100 mm), inherent compliance, and five degrees of freedom, the soft robot ensures zero electromagnetic interference with MRI and enables safe and dexterous operation within the confined oral and pharyngeal cavities. The laser manipulator is rapidly fabricated with hybrid soft and hard structures and is powered by microvolume (<0.004 milliter) fluid flow to enable laser steering with enhanced stiffness and lowered hysteresis. A learning-based controller accommodates the inherent nonlinear robot actuation, which was validated with laser path-following tests. Submillimeter laser steering accuracy was demonstrated with a mean error < 0.20 mm. MRI compatibility testing demonstrated zero observable image artifacts during robot operation. Ex vivo tissue ablation and a cadaveric head-and-neck trial were carried out under MRI, where we employed MR thermometry to monitor the tissue ablation margin and thermal diffusion intraoperatively.

Manejo odontológico del paciente diabético: revisión narrativa / Dental management of the diabetic patient. Narrative review

La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica caracterizada por altos niveles de glucosa en sangre y defectos en la producción y/o la acción de la insulina. La hiperglucemia crónica puede derivar en complicaciones metabólicas y vasculares como micro- y macroangiopatías y alteraciones en el metabolismo de lípidos y proteínas. Los pacientes diabéticos mal controlados o no controlados presentan signos y síntomas evidenciables a nivel bucal. En el mundo, alrededor del 8,8% de los adultos de entre 20 y 79 años padecen este trastorno endócrino, y se estima que para el año 2045 unos 629 millones de personas de este rango etario tendrán diabetes. Por ello, es fundamental que el odontólogo se encuentre familiarizado con el manejo médico de estos pacientes, a fin de estar preparado para brindarles un tratamiento adecuado y responder a las emergencias médicas que se presenten durante su atención. En esta revisión se emplearon resultados extraídos manualmente de artículos indexados en las bases de datos MEDLINE y EBSCO que responden a la búsqueda de los términos diabetes mellitus, dental management, oral surgery y HbA1c, con el objetivo de describir el manejo médico-odontológico del paciente diabético hasta la fecha (AU)

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels and defects in the production and/or the use of insulin. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to metabolic and vascular complications. Vascular complications include micro and macroangiopathies. The metabolic disorders are: alterations of lipid and protein metabolism. Patients with poorly controlled or uncontrolled diabetes present symptoms that are evident in the oral cavity. Around 8.8% of adults between 20-79 years old, worldwide, have this endocrine disorder and it is estimated that by 2045, 629 million people in this age group, will have diabetes. Therefore, it is essential for dentists to be familiar with the medical management of these patients, in order to provide adequate treatment and eventual management of medical emergencies that may occur during dental treatment. The present review used data extracted manually from articles indexed in the MEDLINE and EBSCO databases, using the terms: Diabetes mellitus, Dental Management, Oral Surgery and HbA1c. The following article aims to describe the medical/dental management of the diabetic patient updated to date (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de osteomielitis mandibular crónica / Diagnosis and treatment of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis

Introducción: La osteomielitis mandibular crónica es considerada como una infección odontogénica que cursa con tumefacción de la cara, limitación de la abertura bucal y dolor. Pocas veces es tratada a través de gammagrafías con fijación a ciprofloxacino con la consiguiente obtención de resultados efectivos. Objetivo: Describir un caso clínico de osteomielitis mandibular crónica tratada con terapia antibiótica y quirúrgica. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 63 años de edad que acudió al servicio de estomatología del Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Perú; con un historial de tres meses de hinchazón creciente a nivel del borde inferior izquierdo de la mandíbula desde que le realizaron una extracción dentaria. Los exámenes tomográficos, gammagrafía, biopsia y antibiograma confirmaron la osteomielitis y la susceptibilidad bacteriana. La decorticación, debridamiento, exodoncia y la administración de metronidazol más vancomicina por dos meses permitió la remisión del cuadro. Conclusiones: El seguimiento clínico de dos años y las gammagrafías de evaluación permitieron verificar la presencia de regeneración ósea y ausencia de focos de reactivación. La osteomielitis crónica puede ser provocada por restos de exodoncias dentarias. Su diagnóstico y seguimiento clínico requiere de múltiples exámenes y controles a largo plazo(AU)

Introduction: Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis is considered to be an odontogenic infection manifesting as facial tumefaction, limited mouth opening and pain. It is not often enough treated with ciprofloxacin fixation gammagraphies with the consequent achievement of effective results. Objective: Describe a clinical case of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis treated with antibiotic and surgical therapy. Case presentation: A female 63-year-old patient attends the dental service at María Auxiliadora Hospital in Lima, Peru, with a history of three-months' swelling of the lower left edge of her mandible upon performance of a dental extraction. Tomographic examination, gammagraphy, biopsy and antibiograms confirmed the presence of osteomyelitis and bacterial susceptibility. Decortication, debridement, exodontia and administration of metronidazole plus vancomycin for two months led to remission of the patient's status. Conclusions: Two-year clinical follow-up and evaluation gammagraphies made it possible to verify the presence of bone regeneration and the absence of reactivation foci. Chronic osteomyelitis may be caused by remains of dental exodontias. Its diagnosis and clinical follow-up require a large number of long-term tests and controls(AU)

Potential of Lyophilized Platelet Concentrates for Craniofacial Tissue Regenerative Therapies.

OBJECTIVE: The use of platelet concentrates (PCs) in oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontology, and craniofacial surgery has been reported. While PCs provide a rich reservoir of autologous bioactive growth factors for tissue regeneration, their drawbacks include lack of utility for long-term application, low elastic modulus and strength, and limited storage capability. These issues restrict their broader application. This review focuses on the lyophilization of PCs (LPCs) and how this processing approach affects their biological and mechanical properties for application as a bioactive scaffold for craniofacial tissue regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of five electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, was conducted from 1946 until 2019 using a combination of search terms relating to this topic. RESULTS: Ten manuscripts were identified as being relevant. The use of LPCs was mostly studied in in vitro and in vivo craniofacial bone regeneration models. Notably, one clinical study reported the utility of LPCs for guided bone regeneration prior to dental implant placement. CONCLUSIONS: Lyophilization can enhance the inherent characteristics of PCs and extends shelf-life, enable their use in emergency surgery, and improve storage and transportation capabilities. In light of this, further preclinical studies and clinical trials are required, as LPCs offer a potential approach for clinical application in craniofacial tissue regeneration.

Preparation and application of chitosan biomaterials in dentistry.

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polysaccharide that has a wide range of applications in the field of dentistry due to its functional versatility and ease of access. Recent studies find that chitosan and its derivatives can be embedded in materials for dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement, tissue regeneration, and antimicrobial agent to better manage oral diseases. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview on the preparation, applications, and major breakthroughs of chitosan biomaterials. Furthermore, incorporation of chitosan additives for the modification and improvement of dental materials has been discussed in depth to promote more advanced chitosan-related research in the future.

Platelet rich plasma in oral and maxillofacial surgery from the perspective of composition.

The application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in oral and maxillofacial surgery has been thoroughly studied in the last two decades. Currently, different types of PRP are applied in the clinical practice, being the presence or absence of leukocytes one of the classification criteria. However, there is poor evidence assessing the influence of the PRP composition in their efficacy. In this context, the aim of this narrative review is to compile the existing evidence covering the efficacy of PRP in oral and maxillofacial surgery, starting from a systematic literature search and to qualitatively describe the efficacy outcomes from the composition perspective. According to the results of this review, the application of PRP in oral and maxillofacial surgery is a potential strategy to improve soft- and hard-tissue regeneration, observing differences in the efficacy of PRP depending on its composition and the studied application. P-PRP (the absence of leukocytes) has been more consistent in achieving beneficial effects in alveolar ridge preservation, management of post-extraction complications, bone augmentation and temporomandibular joint disorders. For that, the composition and methodology used to prepare the PRP should be a critical point when evaluating the efficacy of PRP.

Consensus Statement of the Saudi Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery on practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has impacted essentially every country's healthcare system in extraordinary ways, fundamentally changing the way we deliver care. The practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery is no exception. In response to this global health crisis, the Saudi Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery has prepared this consensus statement to inform our clinical and other medical colleagues and the public at large on proper procedures during this time. The statement is based on the best scientific evidence available and follows the guidelines put forth by the Saudi Ministry of Health on the COVID-19 response. It explains how to manage and triage oral and maxillofacial patients based on the level of care needed at the time of clinical presentation.